clinical exam!

Below are the pictures that have been selected by Prof. Hany Abd El-Rahman.. 10 pictures will be selected and each question values 2 marks..the exam is on 11th January.. study hard and be prepared ok! =)

Chapter 1 : Ocular Examination
1) testing for direct and indirect pupillary light reaction
2) testing the corneal reflex
3) digital palpation of the ocular tension
4) technique of direct ophthalmoscopy
5) confrontation method for visual field testing

Chapter 2 : Eyelids
1) epicanthus
2) severe bilateral upper lid colobomas ( below epicanthus )
3) myogenic ptosis ( Myasthenia Gravis )
4) involutional (senile) entropion
5) involutional ectropion
6) chalazion
7) right LL chalazion
8) severe bilateral ectropion and conjunctival keratinisation

Chapter 3 : Lacrimal System
1) Schirmer's test
2) right acute dacrocystitis ( 2 pictures )

Chapter 4 : Orbit
1) lid retraction
2) right axial proptosis
3) bilateral proptosis ( lateral view )

Chapter 5 : Conjunctiva
1) giant papillae
2) pannus
3) bulbar vernal catarrh
4) nasal pterygium
5) subconjunctival hemorrhage

Chapter 6 : Cornea
1) Dendritic ulcer stained with fluorescein
2) geographic ulcer
3) hypopyon corneal ulcer

Chapter 8 : Uveal Tract
1) hypopyon in severe anterior uveitis
2) keratic precipitates
3) irregular pupil due to posterior synechiae ( festooned )

Chapter 9 : The Lens
1) complicated cataract
2) senile immature cataract
3) Morgagnian cataract ( inferior sinking of the nucleus )
4) dense lamellar cataract with riders
5) subluxated lens ( Marfan syndrome )
6) anterior dislocation of opaque lens

Chapter 10 : Glaucoma
1) neovascular glaucoma due to rubeosis iridis
2) rubeosis iridis
3) normal non-glaucomatous optic disc
4) early glaucomatous cupping
5) moderate cupping
6) advanced glaucomatous cupping

Chapter 11 : Retina
1) central retinal artery occlusion
2) disc oedema and macular star
3) retinitis pigmentosa with extensive pigmentary changes
4) retinitis pigmentosa with severe arteriolar attenuation and waxy disc pallor

Chapter 14 : Strabismus
1) right esotropia
2) right secondary divergent squint due to cataract

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DO YOU REALLY WANT TO GET MARRIED?

Do you really want to get married? While there are some Muslims that do not want to get married most young single Muslims do.  Many young people want to get married because their friends are getting married or because “they are at that age” or because their parents are putting pressure on them to get married.Some want to get out of a difficult home life. Some want to get married out of physical attraction, or because they are attracted to intellect, and money. Some young Muslims want to get married because they realize marriage was the tradition of Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) and they see marriage as a form of worship. Some who want to get married seek companionship, and the family stability that a healthy married life can provide. 


There are of course those who at this point in their life realize they are not ready for marriage. They realize it would be better to wait until they are ready rather than to marry prematurely. They want avoid living in an unhappy marriage or to end-up dissolving the marriage because of irreconcilable differences.    

How do you know if you are ready to get married and more specifically if you are ready to marry that particular person?  

To get to know whether or not you are ready for marriage, it is important to get to know yourself.  The first thing you must do is spend time conducting a personal self assessment to identify your personal strengths and areas that need improvement.  It is important to get to know what kind of relationship you have with Allah, and what kind of relationship you expect to have with your future spouse. 

• Are you ready to share your life with someone else? 
• Are you ready to take on the responsibility of building your family, sharing and compromising and working together to achieve your personal and family goals?  
• It is important to know what you will contribute to the marriage and what you will do to cultivate a healthy, peaceful family life. 

Getting Ready

Premarital education is essential to help us know if we really want to get married and if we are ready to marry.  It also helps us learn the skills needed to develope a good marital relationship.

In the United States many religious traditions require marriage preparation, and education prior to marriage. Some religious leaders have made a commitment not to perform the marriage ceremony of a couple that has not participated in a marriage preparation or education or counselling programme.  I recently met a young Catholic man who indicated that he and his fiancé attended 8 weeks of premarital education as well as other programmes  to educate and prepare them for family life.   Other faith traditions have made major steps to prepare for marriage and family life.  It is time that Muslims re-adopt the importance of marriage education that was part of the teaching of Prophet Muhammad during the early days of Islam.

I recommend that single Muslims participate in a marriage preparation 

and education programme way before they start exploring prospects for marriage. Such a program should help them get to know themselves better,develop their relationship with Allah, and identify their strengths and areas in which they need to improve themselves. Most people get married before they know who they really are.  Few have taken the time to engage in a personal self assessment.  A marriage education programme can also prepare the individual with skills to help them once they do marry. Communication skills

• Budgeting and finance
• Anger management
• Problem solving and conflict resolution

All of the above are essential skills in a marriage.  Such a programme should also include a discussion of intimacy and sex in marriage.

A Likely Match?

Once you meet the person you think you will want to marry I advise both of you to pray Istikhara prayer for guidance, and to seek the wise council of close family and friends.  I also advise that the engaged or soon-to-be engaged couple meet with a wise spiritual and professional advisor to help determine if they are compatible and suitable for one another.  It is important to spend time getting to know the person you are thinking of marrying and whether or not that person has character, temperament, religious character, and behaviour that is compatible to yours.

A Premarital Advisement helps to identify the challenges a couple may face in marriage as well as strategies to help prevent or address the challenges before they present a problem. 

Marriage is one of the most important things you will do in life. It is half of our religion and is the foundation of our society; however we tend to spend more time preparing for our career than we do for our marital lives. Expect to spend real time learning about what it means to be married before you sign the marriage contract.  Take time to learn whether or not you are really ready to lead a healthy married life.

Huhu…saja2 jer nak tulis bnda ni…bosan2 katakan..harap kita dapat ambil pngajaran apa yang ditulis diatas… tak mudah untuk berkahwin…dan mnjadi mudah untuk berkahwin kalau sudah bersedia..Islam tak galakkan untuk tergopoh gapah tau…(kredit untuk doctor commed yang ajar HIV AIDS tadi…kwin is not easy yer…he3…)

Penulis- ALI BABA

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MEET THE EXPERT II

salam alyk.. mari kita meramaikan lagi program ceramah motivasi yang bakal dihadiri oleh Vice Dean University esok.. jangan lupa untuk mengajak kawan-kawan yang lain juga ye.=)

click to view

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MENYUSURI KETAMADUNAN, MEMBAJAI KETAQWAAN

P/S : ayuh kawan2.. jgn lepaskan peluang ke`emas`an ini... cepat2lah mendaftar erk..:-)

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LOVE ISLAM FOR ETERNITY!

LIFE GABUNGAN MAHASISWA DAN MAHASISWI

LIFE SESI KE-2 MAHASISWA

LIFE SESI KE-2 MAHASISWI

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KANTA LEKAP.. =)

Dewasa ini, penggunaan kanta lengkap seolah-olah telah menjadi satu trend apabila semakin ramai menggunakannya bagi menggantikan kaca mata. Di satu sudut pula, tidak kurang juga yang mengenakan kanta lekap pelbagai warna atas alasan kosmetik.

Kanta lekap (Bahasa inggeris: contact) merupakan alat pembetulan, kosmetik, atau kanta terapeutik biasanya diletakkan pada kornea mata. Kanta lekap lembut moden telah direka oleh seorang ahli kimia dari Republik Czech Otto Wichterle dan pembantunya Drahoslav Lím, yang juga pencipta gel pertama digunakan untuk pengeluaran mereka.

Kanta lekap biasanya digunakan untuk tujuan pembetulan sebagai sama seperti cermin mata, tetapi ia lebih ringan dan ia tidak mudah kelihatan—ada kanta diwarnai dengan warna biru muda. Sesetengah kanta kosmetik pula sememangnya diwarnai untuk tujuan mengubah rupa bentuk mata.

Telah dianggarkan 125 juta orang menggunakan kanta lekap di seluruh dunia (2%)  termasuk 28 hingga 38 juta di Amerika Syarikat dan 13 juta di Jepun. Jenis kanta yang digunakan dan ditetapkan mengubah dengan jelas antara negara, dengan kanta 20% tegar kini digunakan di Jepun, Belanda dan Jerman tetapi kurang daripada 5% di Scandinavia.

Banyak sebab kenapa ramai memilih untuk menggunakan kanta lekap, sering kerana rupa mereka dan amalan. Apabila dibandingkan dengan cermin mata, kanta lekap kurang terjejas oleh cuaca lembap, tidak mengelembung naik, dan menyediakan satu medan penglihatan lebih luas. Ia sebih sesuai digunakan untuk aktiviti seperti bermain.

Namun,kebanyakan benda yang wujud dalam dunia ini tentunya ada kebaikan dan kelemahannya yang tersendiri. Antara kebaikan kanta sentuh, ia boleh dikelaskan kepada aspek berikut:

• Fizikal:
• Ia selamat dan terdiri dari pelbagai jenis yang boleh menepati cita rasa anda
• Ia tidak akan jatuh semasa anda sedang bermain, menari atau bersenam
• Ia tidak akan berkabus jika anda bergerak dari kawasan sejuk ke panas dan lembap
• Ia tidak akan memantulkan cahaya seperti sesetengah kaca mata
• Fungsinya lebih baik berbanding kaca mata biasa jika anda aktif dalam kegiatan sukan. Ini kerana kanta sentuh memberikan medan penglihatan yang lebih luas,lebih jelas dan mengurangkan risiko kecederaan

• Kosmetik:
• Kanta sentuh membuat anda nampak lebih menarik dan bergaya!
• Kornea atau anak mata yang tidak cantik boleh disembunyikan di sebalik kanta sentuh yang berwarna
• Ia menaikkan tahap keyakinan diri anda

• Optikal:

Kanta sentuh memberikan

• Imej yang lebih besar
• Penyebaran cahaya yang lebih baik
• Kurang penyimpangan imej di bahagian sisi
• Pandangan yang lebih luas
• Penglihatan yang lebih jelas                    

• Perubatan:

Kanta sentuh yang lembut boleh digunakan untuk

• Luka/ulser di kornea
• Bullous keratitis
• Sindrom Steven-Johnson
• Neuroparalytic keratitis
• Exposure keratitis

• Kanta sentuh yang keras boleh digunakan untuk:
• Keratoconus
• Mata kering
• Astigmatism yang serius

Berikut adalah kelemahan ataupun masalah yang kemungkinan timbul jika :

Jangkitan kuman pada mata.

• Ini jarang terjadi jika kebersihan kanta dan mata diutamakan

Kerosakan pada kanta.

• Anda boleh mengelakkan kerosakan kepada kanta sentuh dengan menyimpannya di dalam bekas yang telah disediakan
• Anda perlu pastikan kuku anda pendek bila memakai kanta sentuh

Kehilangan kanta

• Untuk mengelakkan kanta anda hilang, pemakaian kanta sentuh mesti dilakukan di atas meja

                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Oleh: ~sweetpotato~

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